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Auditory tube pharynx12/7/2023 ![]() Collagen fibers are sparse or even absent in the dorsal portion of the membrane, referred to as the flaccid part. Where the manubrium of the malleus attaches to the tympanic membrane, the connective tissue is somewhat thicker and contains blood vessels and nerves that course along the manubrium and spread radially. Between these two epithelial sheets is a connective-tissue layer composed of a central region of circularly arranged collagen fibers and a peripheral region of radially arranged collagen fibers. It is covered externally by stratified squamous epithelium and internally by simple squamous epithelium continuous with that of the tympanic cavity. The thin tympanic membrane delimits the external acoustic meatus from the tympanic cavity ( Fig. They protect against infection but generally have little purpose beyond childhood.The microscopic description of the auricle, or pinna, and the external acoustic meatus is included in Chapter 16. Tonsils and adenoids: These are made up of lymph tissue and are located at the back and sides of the mouth.The epiglottis folds down over the vocal cords to prevent food and irritants from entering the lungs. Epiglottis: A flap of soft tissue located just above the vocal cords.The vocal cords are the upper opening into the windpipe (trachea), the passageway to the lungs. Larynx (also known as the voice box): The larynx is a cylindrical structure of cartilage, muscles, and soft tissue that contains the vocal cords.The throat is a ring-like muscular tube that acts as the passageway for air, food, and liquid. It does not typically develop until adolescence. Sphenoid sinus: Located deep in the face, behind the nose.It does not develop until around seven years of age. Frontal sinus: Located inside the face, in the forehead area.It is also present at birth and continues to grow. Maxillary sinus: Located inside the face, around the cheeks.It is present at birth and continues to grow. Ethmoid sinus: Located inside the face, around the bridge of the nose.The sinuses are cavities near the nasal passage lined with mucous membranes. Sinuses: Four pairs of air-filled cavities that are also lined with mucous membranes.Nasal passages: Passages lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs (cilia) that help filter the air.The cartilage also gives shape and support to the outer part of the nose. Septum: This is made up primarily of cartilage and bone and covered by mucous membranes.Nostrils: These are two chambers divided by the septum.External nose: A triangular-shaped projection in the center of the face.The internal part of the nose lies above the roof of the mouth. The nose is the organ of smell and is part of the peripheral nervous system. Semicircular canals: These contain receptors for balance.Vestibule: This has receptors for balance.Cochlea: This structure contains the nerves for hearing.The eustachian tube is lined with mucous, just like the inside of the nose and throat. The eustachian tube helps to equalize pressure in the middle ear, which is needed for the proper transfer of sound waves. Eustachian tube: This canal links the middle ear with the back of the nose.Ossicles: These are three tiny bones-called malleus, incus, and stapes-that transmit sound waves to the inner ear.The middle ear, or tympanic cavity, consists of the following: Tympanic membrane (also called the eardrum): This membrane divides the external ear from the middle ear.External auditory canal or tube: This tube connects the outer ear to the inside or middle ear.Pinna or auricle: This is the outer part of the ear. ![]() The external ear, or outer ear, consists of the following: The parts of the ear include the following structures: The brain then translates these electrical impulses into sound. Once the sound waves reach the inner ear, they are converted into electrical impulses, which the auditory nerve sends to the brain. The vibrations are passed to three tiny bones in the middle ear called the ossicles, which amplify the sound and send the sound waves to the inner ear and into the hearing organ (cochlea). Sound waves enter the outer ear, travel down the external auditory canal, and strike the eardrum (tympanic membrane), which vibrates. The ear is the organ of hearing and balance. Understanding the parts of the ear, nose, and throat will help you talk with your doctor about any symptoms you may have or treatments you may need.
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